The relevance of the study is driven by the increasing instability of economic systems and the lack of a unified conceptual approach to understanding turbulence at different levels of management. The purpose of the work is to form the conceptual foundations of a research paradigm for turbulence in relation to socio-economic systems at different levels. To achieve this, the following tasks were addressed: identifying and comparatively analyzing definitions, determining the specific manifestations of turbulence at each level, and assessing the degree of development of the corresponding theoretical framework. The scientific significancelies in structuring disparate theoretical approaches to studying turbulence into a unified field. The practical value consists in creating a basis for developing adaptive management strategies that account for the level of systemic hierarchy. The main findings include the differentiation of turbulence characteristics: at the macro level, systemic disruptions prevail; at the meso level, structural imbalances dominate; and at the micro level, operational uncertainty is key. The scientific novelty lies in identifying the insufficient development of meso-level analysis and substantiating the need to develop proactive management tools that target the internal determinants of turbulence.