Analysis of Strategic Factors for Ensuring Technological Sovereignty Through an Assessment of the Effectiveness of Innovation and the Effectiveness of R&D Expenditures

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to ensure Russia's technological sovereignty in the face of global challenges, including sanctions pressure and increased competition in high-tech industries. Despite the high proportion of STEM graduates, the country lags behind the world leaders in terms of investment in R&D (0.9 % of GDP in 2022) and the level of innovation activity of enterprises (11-12 %), which requires a review of government policies to stimulate science and innovation. The purpose of the study is to identify the key determinants of technological sovereignty and propose financial incentive measures that can ensure sustainable economic growth. The results obtained indicate the high effectiveness of Russian R&D (the innovation balance is above 2.0), but a critically low level of financing, as well as the positive dynamics of innovation in the segment of small enterprises (an increase in the share of innovative products to 3.14 % in 2023). The scientific value of the work lies in a comprehensive analysis of the strategic determinants of technological sovereignty, including the role of human capital, institutional conditions and government regulation. The practical significance of the study is related to the development of specific measures for government authorities, such as increasing R&D spending target to 3 % of GDP, introducing "innovation contracts" for businesses, expanding support for small technology companies, and creating technology valleys. The authors' recommendations are aimed at forming a systemic policy that combines fiscal incentives, the development of STEM education and cooperation between science and the real sector, which will allow Russia to reduce the gap from the leading countries and ensure long-term competitiveness.

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